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• - RFLP = Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, from FDA
  
• - Brief protocols for PCR in use at the Genome Sequencing Center of the Washington University in St Louis Medical School.
  
• - For characterization colonies of transformed clones of Saccharaomyces, from the web site of the Stanford Genome Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
  
• - Company promoting diagnostic tests for genetic analysis; rolling circle amplification technology (RCAT), developed for amplifying signals from DNA, RNA and proteins, from Westport, CT.
  
• - A page describing the main parameters and trouble-shooting in PCR. The page is somewhat dated (updated 1997) but still useful.
  
• - Preparation of DNA from plant tissues suitable for PCR methods including AFLP, article by DH CHEN and PC RONALD Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis.
  
• - R & D company for development of biosensors and related products for the research and educational markets.
  
• - Manufacturer of material for differential display PCR in Nashville, Tenn USA.
  
• - Article by TD Brock from the web site of Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison on the thermophilic organisms in Yellowstone hot springs, including Thermus aquaticus from which Taq polymerase was obtained.
  
• - step by step protocol, from the web site of the Department of Biology, University of Michigan, USA.
  
• - Protocols and technical hints, particularly for reverse transcription PCR, somewhat outdated, compiled by Dr Jack Vanden Heuvel, Department of Veterinary Science and Molecular Toxicology Program, Penn State University
  
• - List of links and forum on the subject and related methodology. Set up and maintained by SJ Krivokapich, National University of Misiones, Argentina.
  
• - Protocol and guidelines for choice of conditions for PCR of long sequences (10 kb or larger). From Genetics Dept., Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
  
• - Manufactures and sells products for molecular biology including thermal cyclers and sequencers / genotypers.
  
• - Protocols for PCR posted by the Helen Donis-Keller Laboratory.
  
• - P Zhang, CJ Gebhart, D Burden, GE Duhamel: Molecular and Cellular Probes, 14(2) 101-108, on the site of BT&C, Inc.
  
• - A report and protocol, from Fondation Jean Dausset.
  
• - Multiplex PCR employs different primer pairs in the same amplification reaction. This requires extensive optimization of annealing conditions. From Quiagen (company)
  
• - An introduction with principle, applications and description of the technique. From the web site of Kebangsaan University, Malaysia.
  
• - The originator of PCR, from the Nobel e-museum web site.
  
• - Brief description of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, from Oklahoma State University, USA.
  
• - Protocol for Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA, by H Judelson, University of California, Riverside, USA.
  
• - Bacteria are characterized by Rep-PCR fingerprinting using primers corresponding to naturally occurring repetitive sequences in the interspersed regions.
  
• - Brief discussion of additives to improve amplification efficiency and specificity of PCR, by Octavian Henegariu, Yale-New Haven Medical Center.
  
• - Discussions of the parameters influencing the PCR reaction and some PCR and multiplex PCR applications, by Octavian Henegariu on the web site of the Yale - New Haven Medical center.
  
• - Basics of hot start, touchdown, AP and RAPD, primer selection, design programs and references, from the Weizman Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
  
• - LA-PCR = "long and accurate PCR". Article by PN Hengen in TIBS June 1997.
  
• - Molecular biological protocols, mostly PCR related used by Bruce A. Roe at the Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, OU, Norman, OK.
  
• - Article by PN Hengen from TIBS 1995
  
• - Explaining how Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) works. From Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA.
  
• - Principle and description of the technique, from the web site of the Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel.
  
• - Article: D Graf, AG Fisher, M Merkenschlager: Nucl. Acids Res. 25:11 2239-2240.
  
• - Extensive collection of PCR protocols and methods from Protocol On Line.
  
• - In asymmetric PCR, the low concentration primer is quantitatively incorporated into double stranded DNA after an appropriate number of cycles. If this primer is fluorescent labelled, the dsDNA can be quantitated from the fluorescence.
  
• - Application of inverse PCR, partial genomic libraries and TAIL-PCR in cloning flanking, at the Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.
  
• - From the Jackson Laboratory, University of Maine, USA.
  
• - An animation explaining how the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) works, from the Dolan DNA learning center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  
• - Article by PN Hengen from TIBS 1995 on the loss of activity of PCR primers with time.
  
• - Animation illustrating the principle of PCR, from the University of Ghent, Belgium.
  
• - Basic discussion of the optimization of PCR, from the web site of Brinkmann Instruments.
  
• - Notes about PCR applications, principles, research results, from Roche.
  
• - Protocol for RAP-PCR to study prokaryotic gene expression, from the Enterococcus Research Site, University of Oklahoma, USA.
  
• - From Molecular Biology Techniques Manual, from the web site of the University of Cape Town, South Africa.
  
• - Article by Ed Rybicki, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town in: Molecular Biology Techniques Manual, on the web site of the University of Cape Town.
  
• - Article on the influence of the design of the primer on the outcome of PCR, by Dr Vincent R. Prezioso, published on the domain of Brinkmann Instruments.
  
• - Step by step protocol, by EJ Rehm, Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, USA.
  
• - Compendia of the Research Project "Development, optimisation and validation of molecular tools for assessment of biodiversity in forest trees", European Union DGXII Biotechnology FW IV Research Programme. From the web site of the University Libr
  
• - RFLP = Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. By Alexander Binder 1997.
  
• - RAPD stands for Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA, where the target sequence(s) (to be amplified) is unknown.Brief description, from Rutgers University, USA.
  
• - This method works because the poison allows the formation of deletion products but titers out full-sized products. From the Biotechnology Laboratory, University of British Columbia.
  
• - Inventor Profile of Kary Mullis, the originator of PCR, from the National Inventors Hall of Fame web site.
  
• - Links to pages describing influential parameters, with guides on PCR, RT-PCR and multiplex PCR reactions, Taq, FISH, CM-FISH, TM-FISH, microarrays, CCK, slide prep and labeling, maintained by Octavian Henegariu from Yale University, New Haven, CT.
  
• - Limited to conventional straight forward PCR. Page designed and maintained by Octavian Henegariu on the web site of the Yale - New Haven Medical Center.
  
• - Article in which probes from different libraries were used to hybridize seven cereals at the Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, NY.
  
• - Examples of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)electrophoresis slabs for different nematodes.
  
• - An introduction by Connie Veilleux from the US National Health Museum website.
  
• - Discussion of the technique and variations, literature references. By S McQuaid, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.
  
• - Protocol from the method database of NIH, USA.
  
• - HiFi DNA is a company selling a DNA polymerase for PCR at low temperature giving accurate replication of certain sequences where Taq fails.
  
• - A graphic description of the principle of PCR from the US National Health Museum web site.
  
• - Illustration of principle. CAPS corresponds to RFLP. From Corvallis Forestry Research Community, Corvallis, USA.
  
• - Detailed protocol for terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), which allows the fingerprinting of a community by analyzing the polymorphism of a certain gene. Article by V Grüntzig, B Stres, HL Ayala del Río and JM Tiedje, Center for
  
• - Popular description of the PCR technique by John C Brown, University of Kansas 1995.
  
• - Detailed PCR protocol from the web site of the Department of Biology, University of Michigan, USA.
  
• - 56 page booklet on oligonucleotides, PCR and RT-PCR, from Biosource (company).
  
• - Popular survey article by Mark V. Bloom, DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, from the web site of the US National Health Museum.
  
• - A popular description of the way it works, its importance in different connections, legal aspects. Authored by TM Powledge at the Federation of the American Societies of Experimental Biology.
  
• - Intended for specialists planning PCR procedures in their laboratories. From the University of Cape Town updated 2001.
  
• - Applications in work on aging of Caenorhabditis elegans and phylogeny of nematodes, by Andy Vierstraete, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Belgium.
  
• - To generate PCR fragments that contain the ends of PAC inserts that can be sequenced. Protocol by B Barbazuk, Washington University Zebrafish Genome Resources Project, USA.
  
• - Protocol by M McMurray, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wa. USA.
  
• - P Martins-Lopez, H Zhang, R Koebner, Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 19(2001): 159-162. From National Research Coouncil Canada.
  
• - Discussion of their origin and briefly their properties. From the web site of Colorado State University.
  
• - This technique is used to obtain the 3'end of a cDNA. Protocol by R Hastings, Biochemistry, University of Nottingham Medical School, UK.
  
• - Brief guidelines. From the Jackson Laboratory, University of Maine, USA.
  
• - Interface for scanning DNA sequences for restriction sites, without changing encoded protein created. Includes FAQ, table of enzymes and links to tools, maintained at the University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
  
• - Protocols including standard nested PCR, from the Biotechnology Laboratory, University of British Columbia.
  
• - Presentations from the University of California at Berkley on PCR, both current research reports and reviews.
  
• - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends. Protocol, from National Institute of Genetics, Japan.