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• - Moroccan politician and liberation fighter and leader.
  
• - Area made up of the Arabian Peninsula comprising the national states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen.
  
• - Eternal divine beings in Zoroastrianism, entities that bring blessings and comfort.
  
• - Verse in the Holy Koran.
  
• - Founder of the modern republic of Turkey.
  
• - Island, city, and emirate in the United Arab Emirates. The emirate has about 1.19 million inhabitanst, while the city has about 420,000.
  
• - Sea between the Arabian peninsula and the Indian subcontinent, that is part of the Indian Ocean.
  
• - People living in North Africa and the Middle East, from western Morocco, to Oman, and from Turkey in the north to Yemen and Sudan in the south.
  
• - Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1546 to 1525 BCE, son of the founder of the 18th dynasty, Ahmose 1.
  
• - City in Syria with 1.9 million inhabitants. Commercial and cultural centre of northern Syria.
  
• - Theological school founded by Abu l-Hassani l-Ash'ari.
  
• - The evil power in the Avesta, the collection of religious writings in Zoroastrianism.
  
• - Western arm of the Arabian Sea, meeting the Red Sea at the strait Babu l-Mandeb.
  
• - 4th Caliph, and the last Caliph that both Sunnis and Shi'is agree upon as justifiably elected, yet the Kharijis did not accept him from 658 and onwards.
  
• - King of Jordan. Was named crown prince less than 2 weeks before he was sworn in as regent of Jordan, following the declaration of the clinical death of his father, Hussein 1.
  
• - Mountain range of Lebanon and Syria. The length is approximately 150 km, and the highest mountain peaks at 2,814 metres.
  
• - City of Tunisia, and the centre of the mountainous region in the northwest of the country, with about 10,000 inhabitants.
  
• - City in Iran with 300,000 inhabitants. Situated in the south-western corner of Iran, on the island of Abadan.
  
• - Founder of the Islamic school of the muwahhiduns, also known as Wahhabism.
  
• - Independent republic, divided into 48 provinces. Certain mountainous regions are under the control of Islamist rebels.
  
• - Iranian Islamic philosopher and physician.
  
• - Muslim philosopher, physician, maliki jurist and ashari theologian.
  
• - President of Syria (1971-2000).
  
• - Mountainous area that fills most of the northwestern corner of Africa.
  
• - City in Saudi Arabia with 590,000 inhabitants. Slightly east of Mecca.
  
• - The supreme god in Zoroastrianism.
  
• - The collections of scared texts in Zoroastrianism.
  
• - Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1843- 1797 BCE, belonging to the 12th dynasty.
  
• - Timeline of events taking place in, and forming, the region of Southern Spain consisting of Andalucia Culture.
  
• - Eighth Imam of the Twelver Shi'i Islam (799- 818).
  
• - Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1379 to 1362 BCE, as part of the 18th dynasty.
  
• - Descendants of Ali, the fourth Caliph, and the first Imam (according to Shi'i Islam).
  
• - Dam construction in southern Egypt, that exploits the water of the Nile.
  
• - Capital of Jordan with 1,2 million inhabitants.
  
• - Muslim saying, frequently used, in situations ranging from greeting to expression of strong sentiments. It is most correctly translated with "God is greater."
  
• - Mountain range in south-western Libya, and a subrange of the Hoggar Mountains of Algeria. Lies southwest of the Fezzan area of central Libya.
  
• - First Caliph of Islam.
  
• - Arab poet, considered the greatest of the classical Arab poets.
  
• - City of Yemen, and the country's winter capital, with 530,000 inhabitants, situated in the south of the country, at the Gulf of Aden.
  
• - Uncle of Muhammad. Successful merchant, and was known for the grandeur that he surrounded himself with during his travels. Stories tell that he was in charge of the Zamzam.
  
• - The Arabic word for "God", used in Islam and Christianity.
  
• - Algerian political group. A militant subdivision of FIS, and not be confused with the far more active and brutal GIA.
  
• - President of Palestine, through being president of the Palestinian Authority, which controls the Palestinian territories in Gaza and on the West Bank.
  
• - The tenth Imam of the Twelver Shi'i Islam (833- 868).
  
• - Religious honorary title in Twelver Shi'i Islam in Iran.
  
• - Uttering used to call all Muslims to prayer, salat. Sent out from a minaret, either sung by a muezzin present in the minaret, or transmitted from a loudspeaker with the help of cassette recording.
  
• - Palestinian politician and guerilla leader.
  
• - Semitic language used by Arabs — where there is a direct connection, as the majority of Arabs are Arabs by language and not by blood.
  
• - Capital of Turkey with 2.9 million inhabitants. Ankara is situated in the central of Turkey.
  
• - City in northern Egypt with about 3.9 million inhabitants. A commercial and economic centre.
  
• - Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1991 BCE to 1962 BCE, founder of the 12. dynasty, after overthrowing the rulers at Thebes.
  
• - City in Egypt, with around 380,000 inhabitants.
  
• - Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 569 to 526 BCE, as part of the 26th dynasty.
  
• - Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1450 to 1424, as part of the 18th dynasty.
  
• - Muslim theolgian, founder of the Ash'ari school of theology.
  
• - Capital of Algeria with 2.9 million inhabitants, and the largest and most important city of the country, in economical, cultural and scientific sense.
  
• - Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1570 to 1546, and founder of the 18th dynasty.
  
• - City in Morocco with 720,000 inhabitants. A seaport and the administrative and economical centre for its region.
  
• - Gulf that is an arm of the Red Sea, running to the east of the Sinai peninsula and west of the Arabian mainland.
  
• - Egyptian Pharaoh reigning from 1417- 1379, being part of the 18th dynasty.
  
• - Emir, religious and military resistance fighter against the French occupation of Algeria.
  
• - Caliphate dynasty ruling from 750 until 1258. All of one big family that claimed to descend from Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad.
  
• - City in Egypt with 260,000 inhabitants. Capital of the Aswan Governorate.
  
• - The fourth Imam of Shi'i Islam (680- 712 or 713).
  
• - City in Turkey with 1.1 million inhabitants. Situated inland, 30 km from the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea.
  
• - Egypt's largest newspaper, founded in 1875 by the Taqla family.
  
• - One of the greatest thinkers in Islam, and among the foremost theologians.